Mudabicara.com_ For young friends who study political science, of course, they are familiar with the understanding and terms of the political system. Usually the political system is one of the compulsory subjects for students of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences.
Then, what exactly is the meaning of a political system, the types and characteristics of a political system. For more details, let’s read the following review of mudabicara.com .
Read Also : Get to know Ibn Khaldun's Theory of Social Change
Understanding Political Systems
The political system is a process of interaction between the community and the government in making policies that are a common goal.
This system becomes an inseparable whole. Therefore, the system becomes a form of reference in providing information and materials. The system is also a set of structures that have their own functions and patterns.
While politics is the science and art of a person or group in achieving power either constitutionally or unconstitutionally. Politics can also be interpreted as a process of forming, formulating and implementing public policies.
Aristotle views politics as an attempt by citizens to create the common good.
So that the political system is a process of communication between citizens and the government in formulating policies and sharing power in order to realize mutual prosperity. In another sense, the political system is a political structure that works according to achieve common goals in the order of a country.
Understanding Political Systems From Experts
David Easton
According to this American political scientist, the political system is the sum total of interactions that result in the exchange of values necessary for a society.
David Easton understands the political system as the integration of all the activities through which social policies are formulated and carried out in other words the political system is a policy-making process.
Gabriel Abraham Almond
According to a comparative political expert from the University of Chigago, the political system is a joint effort to organize the life of the state. A system based on an independent society capable of carrying out the functions of adaptation and integration through the application of coercive and legal threats.
Robert Dahl
According to this professor from Yale University, the political system is a pattern of public relations involving rules, authority and power.
Dahl understands that political outcomes come from competitive group interests so that the political system is a relationship between individuals or groups in determining influence, control, authority to how to apply power.
Read Also : Getting to know Auguste Comte’s Three-Stage Law Theory
Samuel P Huntington
According to this Harvard University political science professor, the political system is a system that forms social and economic groups. The group can be formal or informal.
For the character who is famous for the book Clash of Civilizations and the Future of World Politics , the political system is a culture, values, attitudes, orientations, beliefs that have an influence on changes in society.
Samuel P Huntington considers that the political system is a form of organizational structure based on society. The structure can be in the form of government bureaucracy, political parties and the People’s Representative Council.
Miriam Budiardjo
According to this Professor of Political Science at the University of Indonesia, the political system is a basic concept of analysis that is useful for analysis. For him, the political system is a series of processes and structures that are interrelated in exercising power in an authoritative manner.
Based on his book Basics of Political Science, Miriam Budiardjo argues that the political system must be embodied in the form of political party institutions.
For him, political parties are organized institutions that have the orientation of ideals and goals to obtain constitutional power. In the end, power can be fully in the interests of the state.
Rusadi Kantaprawira
According to the Professor of Political Science at the University of Pajajaran, the political system is a way of working or the mechanism of the political structure. These political systems are interrelated with each other and display an ongoing relationship.
Sri Soemantri Martosoewignjo
According to this Professor of Law, the political system is an institution that connects humans to the political superstructure and infrastructure.
Various Political Systems
After understanding the meaning of the political system, now proceed to the various political systems. Consider the various political systems as follows:
Totalitarian Political System
A totalitarian political system is a political system in which the government has complete control over the people. The government in this political system does not want opposition and at the same time imposes consensus on its citizens.
In addition, this political system runs government by force and ideological doctrine to achieve goals. Some countries that use this system are the Soviet Union and Germany during the reign of Adolf Hitler.
Liberal Democratic Political System
A liberal democratic political system is a political system that upholds individual freedom. A government order that guarantees the rights of citizens above the power of the government.
Constitutionally, this liberal democratic political system gives its citizens the freedom to provide criticism and input to the government.
Basically, this system has been used by developed countries and several third world countries, one of which is Indonesia.
Post-reform Indonesia adopts a liberal democratic system with a multi-party presidential system.
Autocratic or Autocratic Political System
Autocracy is a government system whose leadership is controlled by one person. Community political activities cannot be carried out freely.
For this system, the political activities of the people will only interfere with the improvement of development and the eradication of poverty.
Usually newly independent countries that use this system even though it has existed since the reign of the Roman Republic .
After World War II many countries got their independence and adopted this system as a system of government.
Read Aalso : Definition of Government System, Types and Examples
Oligarchy Political System
Oligarchy political system is a system of government that is controlled by a small elite group of people. This grouping can be based on wealth status, family lineage or military.
This means that this system requires complete state sovereignty by one or a few people. At a practical level, this system is almost the same as an autocratic political system. Countries that use this system such as China and Vietnam.
Authoritarian Political System
An authoritarian political system is a system of government with complete power over a particular state or individual. Individual freedom is lost in this political system because power is usually only held by one person or a few people.
Dictator Political System
A dictatorial political system is a political system in which the government is authoritarian and tends to be arbitrary to the people.
People’s aspirations and freedoms do not exist in this political system because usually power begins with a process of political turmoil, violence or coups.
Democratic Political System
A democratic political system is a system in which the people have full power over the leadership process. In this system the people can take part in the implementation of government.
However, in this system the social, political and government power is limited by law so that the rights of individual citizens are maintained.